Ayurveda (Sanskrit The Sanskrit language ( saskta vak ) is among the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family and is not only the premier classical language, but also an official language of India. It enjoys much the same position in Indian culture as Latin and Greek do in Europe. Its vast religious and literary tradition is most famously seen in its Hindu/Vedic traditions.
..... Click the link for more information. : ayu -life; veda -knowledge of) or ayurvedic medicine is a more than 6,000 year old comprehensive system of medicine See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that treat patients. This article is about medical practice.
Medicine is a branch of health science concerned with restoring and maintaining health and wellness. Broadly, it is the practical science of preventing and curing diseases. However, medicine often refers more specifically to matters dealt with by physicians and surgeons.
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based on a holistic Holism is the idea that the properties of a system cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its components alone. It is often regarded as opposite to reductionism, although proponents of scientific reductionism state that it is better regarded as the opposite of greedy reductionism.
Holism and holistic are terms coined by Jan Smuts in the early 1920s.
Smuts's definition of holism, as given in the Oxford English Dictionary, reads
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The Vedic civilization is the earliest civilization in Indian history of which we have written records that we understand. It is named after the Vedas , the early literature of the Hindu people. The Vedic texts have astronomical dates that some have claimed go back to the 5th millennium BC. The use of Vedic Sanskrit continued up to the 6th century BC. Vedic is synonymous with Hinduism, which is another name for the system of religious and spiritual thought that has evolved from the Vedas.
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culture. Its conspicuous use of the word veda The Vedas are part of the Hindu Shruti ; these religious scriptures form part of the core of the Brahminical and Vedic traditions within Hinduism and lay the inspirational, metaphysical and mythological foundation for later Vedanta, Yoga, Tantra and even Bhakti streams of Hinduism. In Sanskrit the word means Knowledge or Truth . Strictly the word 'ved' is singular, 'veda' is plural, but traditionally the word is given in English as 'veda' with the standard added 's' for plural. The four Vedas, chronologically, are the Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda.
..... Click the link for more information. , or knowledge, reveals its role in early Hinduism This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation).
Hinduism ( commonly called Sanatana Dharma , roughly Perennial Faith by Hindus) is the oldest major world religion still practised today and first among Dharma faiths. Hinduism is characterized by a diverse array of belief systems, practices and scriptures. It has its origin in ancient Vedic culture at least as far back as 2000 BC. It is the third largest religion with approximately 890 million followers worldwide, 96% of whom live in the Indian subcontinent.
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and describes its hallowed place in India. Ayurveda also had a tradition of surgery
Surgery is the medical specialty that treats diseases or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. Its practitioners are referred to as surgeons .
History of surgery
Although surgeons are now considered to be specialised physicians, the profession of surgeon and that of physician have different historical roots. For example, the Hippocratic Oath warns physicians against practicing surgery (in particular surgery to relieve kidney stones), which was to be left to specialized craftsmen.
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. Two early texts of Ayurveda are the Charaka For a village in Greece, see Charaka (Laconia), Greece Charaka , sometimes spelled Caraka , (perhaps 6th century BC) is one of the founders of Ayurveda. According to Charaka, health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by human effort.
According to the Charaka tradition, there existed six schools of medicine, founded by the disciples of the sage Punarvasu Atreya. Each of his disciples, Agnivesha, Bhela, Jatukarna, Parashara, Harita, and Ksharapani, composed a Samhita. Of these, the one composed by Agnivesha was supposed to be the best. The Agnivesha Samhita was later revised by Charaka and it came to be known as Charaka Samhita. The Charaka Samhita was revised by Dridhbala.
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Samhita and the Sushruta Sushruta was an ancient Indian surgeon (who was possibly born in 7th century BC) and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita , in which he describes over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classifies human surgery in 8 categories.
In the Sushruta school, the first person to expound Ayurvedic knowledge was Dhanvantari who then taught it to Divodasa who, in turn, taught it to Sushruta, Aupadhenava, Aurabhra, Paushakalavata, Gopurarakshita, and Bhoja.
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Samhita.
| Ayurveda |
| This article is part of the branches of CAM series. |
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Alternative Medical System |
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| Culture
The word culture comes from the Latin root colere (to inhabit, to cultivate, or to honor). In general, it refers to human activity; different definitions of culture reflect different theories for understanding, or criteria for valuing, human activity.
Sir Edward B. Tylor wrote in 1871 that "culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole
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Eastern The term Eastern can have multiple meanings depending on its context. Most modern uses of the term refer to Eastern philosophy, Eastern or Asian countries, Eastern history or ancient Asian culture, typically also including those countries whose ethnic identity and their dominant culture derive from ancient Asian culture. Thus, in various contexts, the term "Eastern" may refer to something that came from the East.
..... Click the link for more information. Vedic
The Vedic civilization is the earliest civilization in Indian history of which we have written records that we understand. It is named after the Vedas , the early literature of the Hindu people. The Vedic texts have astronomical dates that some have claimed go back to the 5th millennium BC. The use of Vedic Sanskrit continued up to the 6th century BC. Vedic is synonymous with Hinduism, which is another name for the system of religious and spiritual thought that has evolved from the Vedas.
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The Charaka For a village in Greece, see Charaka (Laconia), Greece Charaka , sometimes spelled Caraka , (perhaps 6th century BC) is one of the founders of Ayurveda. According to Charaka, health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by human effort.
According to the Charaka tradition, there existed six schools of medicine, founded by the disciples of the sage Punarvasu Atreya. Each of his disciples, Agnivesha, Bhela, Jatukarna, Parashara, Harita, and Ksharapani, composed a Samhita. Of these, the one composed by Agnivesha was supposed to be the best. The Agnivesha Samhita was later revised by Charaka and it came to be known as Charaka Samhita. The Charaka Samhita was revised by Dridhbala.
..... Click the link for more information.
and Sushruta Sushruta was an ancient Indian surgeon (who was possibly born in 7th century BC) and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita , in which he describes over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classifies human surgery in 8 categories.
In the Sushruta school, the first person to expound Ayurvedic knowledge was Dhanvantari who then taught it to Divodasa who, in turn, taught it to Sushruta, Aupadhenava, Aurabhra, Paushakalavata, Gopurarakshita, and Bhoja.
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Samhitas are compendiums of two traditions rather than texts authored by single authors. A third tradition is that of the Kashyapas. The beginnings of these traditions dates to the 2nd millennium BC (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - other millennia)
Events
- Second dynasty of Babylon
- First Bantu migrations from west Africa
- The Cushites drive the original inhabitants from Ethiopia, and establish trade relations with Egypt.
- Hittites Old Kingdom in Anatolia (1900 BC)
- Civilization in Palestine (1800 BC)
- Middle Kingdom in Egypt (2052-1570 BC)
- Egyptian domination over Palestine and Syria (1600-1360 BC)
- Conquest of Canaan (Palestine) by the Israelites
- Mycenaean civilization (c. 1600 BC-1200 BC)
- Athens founded (1235 BC)
- Beginnings of Judaism (1200 BC)
- Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica (1150 BC)
- Fall of Troy (1184 BC)
..... Click the link for more information. if not earlier because of the parallel information obtained in the Vedic
The Vedic civilization is the earliest civilization in Indian history of which we have written records that we understand. It is named after the Vedas , the early literature of the Hindu people. The Vedic texts have astronomical dates that some have claimed go back to the 5th millennium BC. The use of Vedic Sanskrit continued up to the 6th century BC. Vedic is synonymous with Hinduism, which is another name for the system of religious and spiritual thought that has evolved from the Vedas.
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Samhitas and the description in the Mahabharata The Mahabharata (Devanagari: phonetically Mahabharata - see note), sometimes just called Bharata, is the great religious, philosophical and mythological epic of India. It is a keystone text of Hinduism. It is the second longest literary work in the world (after the Tibetan tale of Gesar). Although it is hailed as one of the greatest literary accomplishments of humanity, it is also still in the hearts and minds of Indians today. The title may be translated as "Great India" (
..... Click the link for more information. . There is much that is common in the texts, except that the Sushruta Samhita is richer in the field of surgery
Surgery is the medical specialty that treats diseases or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. Its practitioners are referred to as surgeons .
History of surgery
Although surgeons are now considered to be specialised physicians, the profession of surgeon and that of physician have different historical roots. For example, the Hippocratic Oath warns physicians against practicing surgery (in particular surgery to relieve kidney stones), which was to be left to specialized craftsmen.
..... Click the link for more information.
. Part of the original Caraka Samhita is lost, and the current version has several chapters by the Kashmiri The neutrality of this article is under dispute.
Kashmir is a region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The term Kashmir historically described the valley just to the south of the westernmost end of the Himalayan range. Politically, however, the term 'Kashmir' describes a much larger area which includes the regions of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh.
The region is currently
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scholar Dridhabala Dridhabala wrote many sections of the currently extant Charaka Samhita, which is one of the main texts of Ayurveda.
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.
An attempt to reconcile the texts of Caraka For a village in Greece, see Charaka (Laconia), Greece Charaka , sometimes spelled Caraka , (perhaps 6th century BC) is one of the founders of Ayurveda. According to Charaka, health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by human effort.
According to the Charaka tradition, there existed six schools of medicine, founded by the disciples of the sage Punarvasu Atreya. Each of his disciples, Agnivesha, Bhela, Jatukarna, Parashara, Harita, and Ksharapani, composed a Samhita. Of these, the one composed by Agnivesha was supposed to be the best. The Agnivesha Samhita was later revised by Charaka and it came to be known as Charaka Samhita. The Charaka Samhita was revised by Dridhbala.
..... Click the link for more information.
and Sushruta Sushruta was an ancient Indian surgeon (who was possibly born in 7th century BC) and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita , in which he describes over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classifies human surgery in 8 categories.
In the Sushruta school, the first person to expound Ayurvedic knowledge was Dhanvantari who then taught it to Divodasa who, in turn, taught it to Sushruta, Aupadhenava, Aurabhra, Paushakalavata, Gopurarakshita, and Bhoja.
..... Click the link for more information.
was made by Vagbhata the Elder Vagbhata , the Elder, lived in second century BC. He is the author of the Ashtanga Sangraha . The works of Charaka, Sushruta, and the Elder Vagbhata are considered canonical and reverentially called the Vriddha Trayi , "the triad of ancients."
..... Click the link for more information. in 2nd century BC (3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - other centuries)
(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD)
Events
- BC 168 Battle of Pydna -- Macedonian phalanx defeated by Romans
- BC 148 Rome conquers Macedonia
- BC 146 Rome destroys Carthage in the Third Punic War
- BC 146 Rome conquers Corinth
- about 120 BC -- opening of silk road
- Judas Maccabaeus restores the Temple in Jerusalem
- Theravada Buddhism is officially introduced to Sri Lanka by the Venerable Mahinda
..... Click the link for more information. in his Ashtanga Sangraha. The works of Caraka, Sushruta, and the Elder Vagbhata are considered canonical and reverentially called the Vriddha Trayi, "the triad of ancients"; or Brhat Trayi, "the greater triad." Later, Vagbhata the Younger Vagbhata , the Younger, wrote the Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita in centuries AD which is a lucid presentation of Ayurveda giving due place to the surgical techniques of Sushruta.
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wrote the Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita which is a lucid presentation of the Ayurveda giving due place to the surgical techniques of Sushruta. In the eighth century, Madhav wrote his Nidana, which soon assumed a position of authority. In the 79 chapters of this book, he lists diseases along with their causes, symptoms, and complications.
Ayurveda used inoculation Inoculation was a method of minimising the harm done by infection with smallpox. It was the predecessor of vaccination - though nowadays the terms are used more or less interchangeably for the process of immunisation against disease.
The basic principle of inoculation was this: if someone were deliberately infected, generally by rubbing material from a smallpox pustule into a scratch on
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Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera ) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. It is caused by two virus variants called Variola major and Variola minor. V. major is the more deadly form, with a typical mortality of 20-40 percent of those infected. The other type, V. minor, only kills 1% of its victims. Many survivors are left blind in one or both eyes from corneal ulceration, and persistent skin scarring - pockmarks - is nearly universal. Smallpox was responsible for an estimated 300-500 million deaths in the 20th century. As recently as 1967, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 15 million people contracted the disease and that two million died in that year.
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. This was a consequence of the principle that like cures like on a small level, whereas at a grosser level opposites cure opposites. Ayurveda has employed certain toxic substances in small dosages for powerful healing effects, including its alchemical Alchemy is an early protoscientific practice combining elements of chemistry, physics, astrology, art, semiotics, metallurgy, medicine, mysticism, and religion. Two intertwined goals sought by many alchemists were the philosopher's stone, a mythical substance which would enable the transmutation of common metals into gold; and the universal panacea, a remedy that would cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely. Alchemy can be regarded as the precursor of the modern science of chemistry prior to the formulation of the scientific method.
..... Click the link for more information. preparations. It also used various herbal and animal toxins like snake venoms. It has a whole science of toxicology called agada-tantra as one of the eight branches of traditional Ayurveda. This branch not only treated poisons but used them in certain conditions, generally in small dosages.
The Ayurvedic idea is that the organism adapts to the environment and its food, climate etc. This principle of adaptation is called satyma . Through introducing small amounts of a germ, the organism can adapt to it and learn to resist it.
Ayurveda became increasingly symptom The term symptom has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health:
- A symptom can be a physical condition which shows that one has a particular illness or disorder (see e.g. Longman, 1995). An example of a symptom in this sense of the word would be a rash.
- A symptom can also refer to a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. In this sense of the word, it is a subjective report, as opposed to a sign, which is objective evidence of the presence of a disease or disorder. Examples of symptoms are fatigue/tiredness, pain, or nausea. In contrast, elevated blood pressure, or abnormal appearance of the retina, would be signs of disease.
..... Click the link for more information. -based, treating the symptoms of a disease rather than the root cause In plain English a root cause is a cause that is at a root of an effect. An effect can have more than one root. Thus a given effect can have, and usually does have, more than one root cause. In Continuous Process Improvement (CPI), a root cause is the most basic reason for a defect or problem in a product or process. Elimination of the root cause leads to the elimination of the defect or problem.
..... Click the link for more information. . However, it is important to note that Ayurveda was originally a consciousness based system of health care. Its philosophy, expressed in modern terms, is to strengthen the immune system.
Qualities
It could be said that the simple essence of ayurveda is knowledge and awareness of the qualities of nature - called gurvadi gunah . By understanding the qualities inherent in the environment, in foodstuffs, in activities, etc., one gains an appreciation of their effects on the individual constitution through the principle of similarities; i.e., that similarities cause increase while dissimilarities cause decrease. Thus hot qualities in the environment or diet will increase hot qualities in the body.
The gurvadi gunah are listed in Vagbhata's Ashtanga Hrdayam as:
- Guru (heavy) - laghu (light)
- Manda (slow) - tikshna (quick, sharp)
- Hima (cold) - ushna (hot)
- Snigdha (unctuous) - ruksha (dry)
- Slakshna (smooth) - khara (rough)
- Sandra (solid) - drava (liquid)
- Mrdu (soft) - kathina (hard)
- Sthira (stable) - cala (mobile)
- Sukshma (subtle) - sthula (gross)
- Vishada (non-slimy) - picchila (slimy)
Since everything in the material world possesses combinations of the 20 qualities, ayurveda postulates that every material process or object can either harm or heal a person by influencing that person's unique original constitution (called prakrti ). An ayurvedic practitioner will assess the qualities of a disorder, the patient's unique prakrti , and his/her influencing factors to arrive at a treatment plan. The treatment plan will consist of using herbs, therapies, diet, etc., with opposite qualities so as to assist the patient in re-establishing their prakrti .
The Five Elements
According to the ancient Sankhya theory of cosmology, on which ayurveda is based, the five elements - pancamahabhuta - combine in different proportions to form the material world. Each element possesses different amounts of the above-mentioned gunas; thus each element has its unique qualitative nature. The elements are:
- Akasha - ether or space
- Vayu - air
- Tejas or agni - fire
- Apa or jala - water
- Prthvi - earth
Some authorities state that the early European concept of five elements evolved as a result of contact with ayurveda.
Doshas
The 3 main doshas (organizing qualities of intelligence) are Vata (resembles the classical elements ether and air), Pitta (fire), and Kapha (water and earth).
All bodily processes are believed to be governed by a balance of the 3 doshas. Whichever dosha appears to dominate a person's behavior and physique is called his constitution type . Each constitution type has particular strengths and susceptibilities.
Vata
Vata , composed of air and space, governs all movement in the mind and body and must be kept in good balance. Too much vata leads to "worries, insomnia, cramps and constipation.... Vata controls blood flow, elimination of wastes, breathing and the movement of thoughts across the mind." Vata activates the nervous system, hearing and speech; and expresses as enthusiasm and creativity. Vata also controls the other two principles, Pitta and Kapha , and is usually the first cause of disease. Pitta
Pitta is said to be composed of fire and water; it governs "all heat, metabolism and transformation in the mind and body. It controls how we digest food, how we metabolize our sensory perceptions, and how we discriminate between right and wrong." Pitta must be kept in balance, too. "Too much [Pitta] can lead to anger, criticism, ulcers, rashes and thinning hair."
Kapha
Kapha consists of earth and water. "Kapha cements the elements in the body, providing the material for physical structure. This dosha maintains body resistance....Kapha lubricates the joints; provides moisture to the skin; helps to heal wounds; fills the spaces in the body; gives biological strength, vigor and stability; supports memory retention; gives energy to the heart and lungs and maintains immunity...Kapha is responsible for emotions of attachment, greed and long-standing envy; it is also expressed in tendencies toward calmness, forgiveness and love." Too much Kapha leads to lethargy and weight gain, as well as congestion and allergies. In sum, Ayurveda represents a system that considers both the states of mind and body in its diagnosis and treatment. Ayurveda took into consideration the fact that many illnesses are caused by foreign agents and small organisms that may require aggressive intervention.
Today
Ayurveda is gaining lots of interest in the Western countries. Ayurvedic treatments in the West are primarily dietary and herbal due to lack of well educated Ayurvedic practitioners. Patients are classified by body types, or prakriti, which are determined by proportions of the three doshas. Illness and disease are considered to be a matter of imbalance in the doshas. Treatment is aimed at restoring harmony or balance to the mind-body system.
Ayurvedic medicine is gaining in popularity around the world. There are a number of medical schools that teach Ayurveda.
See History of medicine
Partial Bibliography
- Ayurveda: Science of Self Healing , Dr. Vasant Lad, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-00-4
- Ayurvedic Healing: A Comprehensive Guide , Dr. David Frawley, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-97-7
- Ayurveda: Nature's Medicine , Dr. David Frawley and Dr. Subhash Ranade, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-95-0
This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License .
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